The “Wall of Separation” Between Church and State is Born
In Everson v. Board of Education, decided on this day, the U.S. Supreme Court narrowly upheld a New Jersey law allowing school districts to pay for the transportation of students in private and parochial schools. (See October 5, 1943, for the origins of the case.) The decision applied for the first time the Establishment of Religion Clause of the First Amendment to state actions.
Justice Hugo Black’s reference to a “wall of separation” between church and state defined the terms of subsequent litigation over the constitutionality of state aid to religious schools for decades to come.
The decision provoked legal, political and social conflict over the place of religion in American life that continues today. The decision also spurred the formation of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, which is today generally referred to as Americans United (AU). The influential pro-separation coalition consisted of the AU, ACLU, and the American Jewish Congress.
In later years, the Court would interpret the wall of separation to hold many religious practices in public schools unconstitutional, most famously official prayers (Engel v. Vitale, June 25, 1962) and required Bible reading, (Abingdon School District v. Schempp, June 17, 1963).
Justice Black: “The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach. New Jersey has not breached it here.”
Read about the history of conflict over religion in American history: Steven Waldman, Sacred Liberty: America’s Long, Bloody, and Ongoing Struggle for Religious Freedom (2019)
Read: Jeremy Gunn and John Witte, No Establishment of Religion: America’s Original Contribution to Religious Liberty (2012)
Learn more about separation of church and state at the Americans United web site: https://www.au.org/
Learn about the Religion Clauses at the First Amendment Center:
http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/category/religion